This paper looks at memory formation and the process of memorialization (or the lack of it) with regard to two cases of forced population movements in twentieth-century Europe: ethnic Germans during and after the Second World War, and the Romany populations following the Kosovo War of 1999. It uses the category 'refugee' as a means to compare the experiences of displaced persons across time and space and discuss the role of memorialization for communities struggling with Impunity. The paper provides a "linkage" of Schulze’s work as a historian and his current role as Director of the Human Rights Centre, i.e. it is linking history with human rights practice and in particular with issues of transitional justice. *This presentation is a "late addition" to the symposium program. Rainer Schulze is presenting his work at a conference in Milwaukee organized by the Critical Refugee Studies Network and he planned to be in Phoenix for a private visit from 5 to 12 November. He asked us a month ago to attend the ASU symposium as a guest visitor. Because of the last minute cancellation on our program, we were able to offer Professor Schulze’s an active role in the research session on Memory at War. Rainer U. W. Schulze, Professor of Modern European History and Director of the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, UK, has worked extensively on memory and memorialization, both with regard to flight and expulsion of German populations after the Second World War, and with regard to the Holocaust (and in particular Bergen-Belsen concentration camp). He is the founding editor of the journal The Holocaust in History and Memory; in connection with his presentation, see Vol. 3 (2010): The Porrajmos: The "Gypsy Holocaust" and the Continuing Discrimination of Roma and Sinti after 1945, GENERAL EDITOR: Rainer Schulze with contributions from Ian Hancock (Austin, Texas), Donald Kenrick (London), Stephen Smith (Los Angeles), Janna Eliot (London), Gloria Buckley (Suffolk), Yvonne Robel/Kathrin Herold (Bremen) and others. For more information, please see http://www.essex.ac.uk/history/staff/profile.aspx?ID=1790; for the journal, please see http://www.essex.ac.uk/history/staff/profile.aspx?ID=1790 and http://www.essex.ac.uk/history/holocaust_memorial_week/.