Human Factors Minute Human Factors Cast

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Work sampling is a method in which the job is sampled at random intervals to determine the proportion of total time spent on a particular task.[46] It provides insight into how often workers are performing tasks which might cause strain on their bodies.

In a work sampling study, a large number of observations are made of the workers over an extended period of time. For statistical accuracy, the observations must be taken at random times during the period of study, and the period must be representative of the types of activities performed by the subjects.

One important usage of the work sampling technique is the determination of the standard time for a manual manufacturing task. Similar techniques for calculating the standard time are time study, standard data, and predetermined motion time systems

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Highly-trained and experienced operators can often compensate for a poor design; however, in the case of the Chernobyl disaster, the designers gave the operators too difficult a task.
The design was not at all forgiving of operator mistakes.

It may have been difficult for the operators to have compensated for design failures that they did not know about.

Not only were the plant operators unaware of key design weaknesses, the designers were unaware as well.
One example is the material used in the control rods. Control rods made of boron are lowered into the reactor core to slow the nuclear reaction. However, the tip of the control rods at Chernobyl were made of graphite, which temporarily increase the reaction as they enter the core.

The emergency AZ-5 button reinserts all of the control rods, which shuts down the reaction. When this button was pressed as a last resort, the large number of descending graphite tips led to a huge surge in reactor power.
Then, as parts of the system ruptured, the control rods were blocked from moving further down and so the graphite tips continued to accelerate the reaction, leading to the inevitable explosion.
The operators at Chernobyl were under the impression that the AZ-5 button was a fail-safe shut-down.
They were not aware of this design flaw. If they had understood, it may have influenced some of their decisions.
To this day, some major companies continue to blame control room operators, pilots, train drivers and offshore drillers, rather than explore design issues or leadership behaviours that set these staff up to fail.
The Chernobyl plant wasn’t just operated by humans, it was also designed by humans; and all humans can make mistakes.
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Members of the Forensics Professional Group are interested in all aspects of human
factors as applied to litigation matters, both civil and criminal.

FPGs goal is to bring ergonomic data and approaches to the investigation of losses
influenced by design or by human limitations. Arguments may be presented on the
degree to which a design meets current standards and known limitations and
capabilities of the prospective users. The features and provisions for safety, instructions,
and foreseeable misuses are also examined.


The role of the expert witness in the judicial process differs from that of the ordinary
witness in that an expert may give opinion testimony based on specialized
knowledge and training, while a ordinary witness is restricted to specific information
experienced or observed concerning the event under consideration. Anyone with
knowledge in an area of practice well beyond that likely in a jury member may be
declared by the Court to be an expert witness. However, an expert’s credentials are often
important to judges and juries in their evaluation of whether the witness is qualified as
an expert.

Human factors/ergonomics professionals are often uniquely qualified to evaluate the
interactions of people with machines and procedures. They are well prepared to apply
the scientific data on operator performance in practical operating settings.
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A time study is a structured process of directly observing and measuring human work using a timing device to establish the time required for completion of the work by a qualified worker when working at a defined level of performance.

Typically, time studies determine the time required for a worker to complete each task. by breaking the work into small, easily-measurable components or elements, measurement of those components and, synthesizing data from those measured components to arrive at an overall time for the complete job.

Time studies are often used to analyze cyclical jobs, or jobs that are conducted repeatedly by the operator.
Many times, these types of tasks are considered "event based" studies because time measurements are triggered by the occurrence of predetermined events.

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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an association dedicated to advancing innovation and technological excellence for the benefit of humanity and is the worlds largest technical professional society. It is designed to serve professionals involved in all aspects of electrical, electronic and computing fields and related areas of science and technology that underlie modern civilization. IEEE and its members inspire a global community to innovate for a better tomorrow through its more than 400,000 members in over 160 countries and its highly cited publications, conferences, technical standards and professionals as well as educational activities. IEEE is the trusted voice for engineering computing and technological information. Putting on conferences around the globe to serve these various technological areas of expertise. The various conferences put on by IEEE serve the community to keep them informed about major trends and developments in technology, engineering, and science like Human Factors.
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In our previous Human Factors Minute on the Chernobyl disaster, we mentioned that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had released a report detailing their conclusions of the disaster.
The IAEA updated their conclusions in a 1993 report.
New information since the 1986 report led them to "shift the emphasis of its conclusions from the actions of the operating staff to faulty design of the reactor’s control rods and safety systems.
Deficiencies in the regulation and management of safety matters throughout the Soviet nuclear power industry have also been revealed and are discussed”.
The focus on human error in the early reports will mean that for many, human error and violation of operating procedures by staff will always be remembered as the main causes of this disaster.
However, safety culture is where this all started.
Both IAEA reports identified an inadequate "safety culture" at all managerial and operational levels as a major underlying factor of different aspects of the accident.
This was stated to be inherent not only in operations but also during design, engineering, construction, manufacture and regulation.
For example, during the incident Reactor 4 was started up to meet a deadline and some commissioning activities were not undertaken.
But even before the deadlines to commission the reactor, there were pressures at the early design stages – at a phase that is sometimes referred to as Concept Select – when the reactor design was chosen.
The choice of reactor type was influenced by construction time, given the country’s ambitious power generation targets.
Unfortunately the reactor chosen had several inherent design faults, and sadly, some of these faults were known.
With hindsight, there’s little doubt that people didn’t perform as expected – but understanding shared cultural attitudes towards safety also contributed to the disaster.
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