We interview Rob Foster from his home in Ontario, Canada about his work in the Canadian boreal forests and his frequent run-ins with Black and Grizzly bears. He describes an astonishing encounter with a predatory Black bear that he fought off for over 45 minutes in the back-woods with only a single can of bear spray and a pocket knife. He also dispenses good advice on how to protect yourself from bears if you are alone in the woods.  Notes: Rob has a huge number of entries from his survey work on iNaturalist. The newspaper article highlighting Rob’s fight with the black bear is here. There are many trip reports on looking for Spectacled bears and Mountain tapirs on mammalwatching’s Ecuador page. Cover art – American black bear – by Dr. Rob Foster. Here is the YouTube trailer. For more information visit www.mammalwatching.com/podcast Dr Charles Foley is a mammalwatcher and biologist who, together with his wife Lara, spent 30 years studying elephants in Tanzania. They now run the Tanzania Conservation Research Program at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. Jon Hall set up mammalwatching.com in 2005. Genetically Welsh, spiritually Australian, currently in New York City. He has looked for mammals in over 100 countries. Produced and edited by Charles Foley.