The horrors of war wore on everyone, everywhere. Millions of European refugees created a humanitarian and political crisis that would last for years. Russia withdrew from the Allied forces after the Bolshevik Revolution broke out in 1917. This ended the Eastern Front as a war zone. By autumn, masses of hungry, defeated, and dispirited soldiers forced German leaders to seek a way out of war. At home and in Europe, women continued their work and waited for war’s end.