In this episode of the 632-nanometer podcast, we explore the evolution of quantum computing with theoretical physicists and experimentalists Peter Zoller and Ignacio Cirac, two pioneers in the field. They recount their personal journeys and discuss key breakthroughs in the development of trapped ion quantum computing. What are the fundamental challenges of quantum computing, and how did researchers overcome them? What detection methods were initially considered, and how has the approach evolved? In this podcast, you'll find the answers to these questions and learn about significant milestones, including the early experiments by Dave Wineland and Chris Monroe, as well as the role of fault-tolerant quantum computing and error correction in shaping the future of this technology. We also discuss the commercialization of quantum computing, its potential applications, and the future opportunities it presents for young scientists. Zoller and Cirac address foundational questions about quantum physics, the broader implications of their work for science and technology, and share strategic advice for aspiring researchers entering the field. 01:33 The Meeting of Minds: How We Met02:19 Early Collaborations and Research03:35 The Birth of Trapped Ion Quantum Computing05:51 Challenges and Innovations in Quantum Computing08:47 The Role of Atomic Clocks and Other Systems15:20 Overcoming Skepticism and Technical Hurdles21:28 Advancements and Future Directions36:38 Exploring Magnetic Field Gradients in Quantum Computing37:00 NMR vs. Ion Trap Quantum Computing37:40 Reflecting on Influential Papers and Collaborations38:48 Quantum Simulators and Optical Lattices40:50 Quantum Communication and Entanglement47:42 Solid State vs. AMO Systems53:49 The Future of Quantum Computing01:02:54 Philosophical and Speculative Questions in Quantum Physics