Dr. Ingo Venzke, Professor of Public International Law at the University of Amsterdam, joins us to talk about semantics in international law, semantic authority, and struggle for meaning. Publications mentioned in the episode: Ingo Venzke, How Interpretation Makes International Law: On Semantic Change and Normative Twists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Norms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). Joseph Raz, Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Joseph Raz, ‘The Problem of Authority: Revisiting the Service Conception’, Minnesota Law Review 90 (2006): 1003–44. Rudolf von Jhering, The Struggle for Law (Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 1915). Ingo Venzke and Kevin Jon Heller (eds.), Contingency in International Law: On the Possibility of Different Legal Histories (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021). Robert Brandom, Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). Mohammed Bedjaoui, Towards a New International Economic Order (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979).