MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.   Originally released: July 5, 2018   In 2017, neuroimmunology experts revised the criteria with which we diagnose multiple sclerosis. They encouraged more aggressive treatment, and now they have introduced novel therapeutic agents into our pharmacologic armamentarium. Dr. Christopher Perrone explains how these newer agents work and how effective they are in patients with demyelinating disease.   Produced by James E Siegler. Music by Steve Combs, Pachyderm, and Lee Rosevere. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making.   REFERENCES   Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2017;376(3):221-34. PMID 28002679 Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(7):676-88. PMID 18272891 Hemmer B, Nessler S, Zhou D, Kieseier B, Hartung HP. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2(4):201-11. PMID 16932551 Maloney DG, Grillo-López AJ, White CA, et al. IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 1997;90(6):2188-95. PMID 9310469 Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2017;376(3):209-20. PMID 28002688 Selter RC, Hemmer B. Update on immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Immunotargets Ther 2013;2:21-30. PMID 27471685     We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.