When analyzing the competitive effects of a proposed transaction, the U.S. antitrust agencies may attempt to define and assess the potential loss of innovation in a relevant market. But what exactly is "innovation," and how can potential losses (or gains) in innovation be measured? In this episode Alicia Downey and Lijun Zhang speak with Cornerstone Research economist Penka Kovacheva about how economists are attempting to measure the impact of mergers on innovation, with a focus on the pharmaceutical industry. Listen to this episode to learn about whether any of these attempts have been successful and why there is much more work to be done. With special guest: Penka Kovacheva, Vice President, Cornerstone Research Related Links: Penka Kovacheva, Maria Salgado, Anca Cojoc, & Lorenzo Cattivelli, "The Impact of Pharmaceutical M&A on Innovation: Insights from the Literature and Gaps Remaining" Hosted by: Alicia Downey, Downey Law LLC and Lijun Zhang, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP