What is the “problem of open-endedness”? Bruce explores how what might sound like an esoteric machine-learning issue may actually be interwoven with our deepest theories on evolution, human consciousness, and knowledge creation. Also included: Bruce's guide to how NOT to argue with a Creationist. References: Kenneth Stanley's article: "Open-endedness: The last grand challenge you’ve never heard of" The Beginning of Infinity by David Deutsch Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World by Leslie Valiant --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/four-strands/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/four-strands/support