In this episode, Ivan Vejvoda is joined by Philippe C. Schmitter to discuss the current state and future of democracy, particularly in the context of rising populism and authoritarianism. Known for his influential works on transitions from authoritarian rule and the democratization of the European Union, Schmitter explores the impact of the EU's parliamentary elections, the return of the Labour Party to power in the UK, as well as the rise of nationalism and identity politics. Schmitter offers insights into the concept of "transitology" and its relevance today, drawing parallels between past transitions from authoritarian regimes and current political trends. The discussion also touches on the challenges of liberal democracy, the role of political parties, and the effects of globalization on economic and political systems. Schmitter emphasizes the need to reinvent representation and control the behavior of global finance to address rising inequality and populism. Synopsis: Vejvoda asks Schmitter about his background and significant contributions to political science. Schmitter highlights his role as Emeritus Professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute in Florence. He discusses his expertise in democracy, democratic transitions, authoritarianism, and populism, mentioning his influential books, "Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies" and "How to Democratize the European Union and Why Bother?" Understanding Political Transitions Vejvoda probes Schmitter on the concept of political transitions post-Berlin Wall. Schmitter explains the unpredictable nature of political transitions, reflecting on the mistaken belief that democracy would naturally prevail after the Soviet Union's collapse. He underscores the ongoing relevance of his work in the context of current global political shifts. Challenges to Liberal Democracy Vejvoda inquires about the modern challenges facing liberal democracy. Schmitter discusses the dual challenges of global capitalism and the decline of traditional political parties. He details how these factors have led to the rise of populism and significant income inequality, necessitating a reinvention of democratic systems. Critique of Governance Vejvoda asks Schmitter to elaborate on his views regarding governance. Schmitter critiques the term "governance" as ambiguous and often a cover for the decline of democratic accountability. He contrasts governance with traditional government and highlights the increasing role of non-elected bodies in policy-making. Future of the European Union Vejvoda questions Schmitter about the future prospects of the European Union. Schmitter shares his thoughts on the EU's challenges with enlargement and the concept of differentiated integration. He envisions a core group of countries advancing integration and setting an example for others, despite the inherent difficulties. Impact of Populism Vejvoda explores the impact of populism on modern democracies. Schmitter acknowledges that while populism is an intrinsic part of democratic processes, it can destabilize systems if unchecked. He emphasizes the importance of effective democratic institutions to manage populist movements. Concluding Reflections Vejvoda seeks Schmitter’s final thoughts on the resilience of democracy. Schmitter expresses cautious optimism, maintaining confidence in the collective intelligence of citizens to uphold democratic values. He stresses the need for continuous adaptation and reform in democratic governance.