Excerpts from "Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers," by Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English (1973). "Women have always been healers. They were the unlicensed doctors and anatomists of western history. They were abortionists, nurses and counsellors. They were pharmacists, cultivating healing herbs and exchanging the secrets of their uses. They were midwives, travelling from home to home and village to village. For centuries women were doctors without degrees, barred from books and lectures, learning from each other, and passing on experience from neighbor to neighbor and mother to daughter. They were called 'wise women' by the people, witches or charlatans by the authorities. Medicine is part of our heritage as women, our history, our birthright." Full text: https://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/ehrenreich-barbara/witches.htm