Cognitive psychologist, Nick Soderstrom, joins me to talk about all things memory and retrieval. We discuss the important distinction between learning and performance, and then dive into four desirable difficulties: testing, spacing, interleaving and pre-testing. Links can be found in the show notes: mrbartonmaths.com/blog/how-to-remember Time-stamps: Memory, learning, and career paths with a cognitive psychologist. (7:04) The importance of retrieval practice in learning. (12:25) Learning vs performance in education. (17:51) Retrieval practice and testing in education. (24:26) The benefits of testing students and how it can improve learning. (29:35) Effective feedback strategies in teaching. (36:11) Math testing formats and feedback. (43:03) Retrieval practice in math education. (47:37) Using retrieval practice and spacing to improve learning. (51:33) Spaced repetition in teaching fractions. (56:30) Optimal spacing for effective learning. (1:01:01) Optimal retrieval practice for learning. (1:05:36) Using hints and cues in retrieval practice. (1:10:03) Formative assessments and learning vs performance. (1:13:30) Interleaving and its benefits in learning. (1:17:41) Interleaving in math education. (1:23:55) Math education techniques and interleaving. (1:27:53) Interleaving practice in education. (1:31:41) Pre-testing in education. (1:36:57) Assessing students' prior knowledge in math lessons. (1:44:24) Pre-testing in education and its potential effects on students. (1:47:35) Pre-testing and its benefits in education. (1:52:48) Retrieval practice and its effectiveness in learning. (1:57:43) Learning strategies and debunking myths. (2:02:21) Learning styles, desirable difficulties, and technology in education. (2:08:32) Learning vs performance in education. (2:14:37) Learning strategies and research-backed techniques for teachers. (2:20:22)