College campuses play a central role in shaping the thinking of future leaders and current public intellectuals. But starting in the 1990’s, campuses took a strange tack, engaging in more banning than shaping. Speech codes developed by shadowy bureaucracies restricted activities that might offend – whether speech, laughter, or even pinning up a calendar. Professor Alan Kors shines a light on the draconian codes of the ‘shadow university,’ explaining the origins of this “betrayal of liberty,” and makes the renewed case for robust First Amendment protections for all Americans – even college students. This lecture was originally delivered in October 1998 . Listen to the full lecture here.