Francesca Iurlaro, Alexander von Humboldt postdoctoral researcher at Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, joins us to discuss jus gentium, the history of customary international law, Gentili, historiography and hope. Publications mentioned in the episode: Francesca Iurlaro, The Invention of Custom, Natural Law and the Law of Nations, ca. 1550-1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming). Martti Koskenniemi, To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth, Legal Imagination and International Power 1300-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021). Francesca Iurlaro, “Disenchanting Gentili: Chapter 3: Italian Lessons. Ius Gentium and Reason of States”, European Journal of International Law 32, no. 3 (2021): 965–72. Francesca Iurlaro, “Between Authority and (In)Authenticity: How Literary Canons Shaped Jus Gentium”, Leiden Journal of International Law, forthcoming. Christopher N. Warren, Literature and the Law of Nations, 1580-1680 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Bernard Williams, Truth & Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).