Spurgeon passionately advocates for open-air preaching, highlighting its historical and biblical bases. He indicates that this tradition is as ancient as preaching itself, with biblical figures such as Enoch, Noah, Moses, Joshua, Samuel, Elijah, and Jonah delivering their messages in natural settings. In the New Testament, John the Baptist preached in the wilderness, and Jesus Christ delivered sermons on mountainsides, by the sea, and in the streets, materializing open-air preaching. The early Christians preached wherever people gathered, teaching and preaching about Jesus Christ with fervor. In addition, Spurgeon maintains the adaptable evangelistic efforts of the apostles and their followers, who preached in various public spaces, as documented by historian Eusebius. Even during the Dark Ages, open-air preaching persisted among distinguished religious figures. Spurgeon points out its crucial role during the Reformation, with figures like Arnold of Brescia and early Protestant reformers turning to alternative venues as their grasp of the gospel was enhanced. Market crosses and natural settings became sanctuaries for the faithful, explaining the reformers' ingenuity and tenacity. Further, in Germany and other continental countries, the Reformation found support through outdoor sermons. Spurgeon recounts the impactful ministry of reformer Farel, who preached in marketplaces and public squares, and Dr. Wylie’s account of field-preaching in the Netherlands. These gatherings featured Psalm singing, linking active preaching and congregational worship. Besides, Spurgeon supplies examples like George Wishart, who continued preaching despite persecution, exemplifying the reformers' courage. He describes John Livingstone’s sermon at the Kirk of Shotts, where many found Christ despite adverse conditions, reiterating the profound impact of one person's duty-driven preaching. Lastly, Spurgeon calls for the revival of historic outdoor preaching practices in modern cities, proposing dedicated open-air spaces for public worship. He repeats the surviving spirit of such assemblies and the metamorphic power of faith, drawing from the abundant tradition of open-air preaching across different regions and historical periods. This summary is made by Eleven Labs AI audio generated platform: elevenlabs.io/?from=partnerhall9106 Reformed Theologian GPT: https://chat.openai.com/g/g-XXwzX1gnv-reformed-theologian If you want to support this podcast's operational cost, you can do so here: venmo.com/u/edisonwu --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/edison-wu/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/edison-wu/support