Although the inequitable distribution of health and healthcare is widely recognized, a lot of fresh thinking about just why it exists and what can be done to rebalance the scales is taking place. Pioneers are looking beyond narrow measures to broader social determinants, highlighting the structures and influences that drive differences in behavior and care, and talking frankly about discriminatory resource allocation. What really causes health disparities and how can we reduce them? How do we confront assumptions, biases, and values that generate inequality and scale up models that approach health as a fundamental human right?