According to Dr. Daniel Belsky at Columbia University, there are three limitations of epigenetic biological age clocks: 1. Mortality selection  Essentially, biological age measures may underestimate true aging because older participants represent slower agers.  2. Cohort Effects Biological age measures may overestimate true aging because older participants carry an excess burden of early-life exposure to environmental toxicants, pathogens, poor nutrition, smoking, etc.  3. Uncertain Timing  Biological age measures summarize total aging over the lifespan and cannot distinguish differences established early in development from ongoing processes of aging. As a result, biological clocks may have lower sensitivity to effects of intervention.  So, you’re probably wondering, how do we account for these limitations? Dr. Belsky and his team have created a tool that enhances the precision of measuring the rate of biological aging. Their work involved observing the health outcomes of 954 participants across four different age groups spanning from the mid-20s to the mid-40s. The researchers examined biomarkers believed to indicate how well various organs are functioning, as well as others linked to general health. Using this data, they devised an epigenetic "speedometer" to forecast how these values would change over time. This tool is called the DunedinPACE. As you may already know, the DunedinPACE measures how fast you are aging biologically for every one chronological year.  If you need an introduction to DunedinPACE, check out my episode with Dr. Terrie Moffitt HERE. In this week’s Everything Epigenetics podcast, Dan Belsky and I take a deeper dive into why Biological Age is limited and how DunedinPACE overcomes these limitations. Dr. Belsky speaks with me about a geroscience model of aging-related burden of disease, DunedinPACE test-retest reliability, and why the DunedinPACE indicates a faster pace of aging in individuals with an older chronological age. We also discuss the effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial. The DunedinPACE is  a new tool for geoscience to investigate etiology in epidemiological studies and to evaluate the treatment effects of randomized controlled trials. Dr. Belsky continues to validate the DunedinPACE in other populations around the world. In this episode of Everything Epigenetics, you’ll learn about:  Dan Belsky’s unusual journey into aging science How to measure aging in younger people A geroscience model of aging-related burden of diseaseWhy it’s important to have such modelClinical trials which increase healthspan in animal modelsLimitations of current biological age clocksMortality selection/survival biasCohort effects Variation in biological age clocksThe retention rate of the Dunedin studyThe fifth round measurement of the Dunedin cohortThe range of DunedinPACE (0.6 - 1.4) Why we see the DunedinPACE accelerated at older chronological agesThe CALERIE RCTThe value of DunedinPACEDr. Belsky’s focus on public health approaches to promote healthy longevity Thank you for joining us at the Everything Epigenetics Podcast and remember you have control over your Epigenetics, so tune in next time to learn more about how.