On Monday 20th June 2016, the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge held the 19th Annual Bill McWilliams Memorial Lecture. The lecture was delivered by Vivian Geiran, Director of the Irish Probation Service. Mr Geiran spoke on the topic 'Penal Reform and Probation in Europe: Positive Change of Direction, 'Nudges to the Rudder' or 'Steady as She Goes'?'. The Bill McWilliams Memorial Lecture is generously supported by the Probation Chiefs' Association, the Clarke Hall Fund, the Barrow Cadbury Trust, and the late Hugh Sanders OBE.