Phil is joined by Eugene McCarraher, Professor of the Humanities and History at Villanova University, to discuss his article "A Providentialism Without God: The Case Against Meritocracy" as well as Goya's "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" The Manifesto: Eugene McCarraher, "A Providentialism Without God: The Case Against Meritocracy" https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/providentialism-without-god The Art: Goya, "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleep_of_Reason_Produces_Monsters#/media/File:Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_sleep_of_reason_produces_monsters_(No._43),_from_Los_Caprichos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Other works discussed: Eugene McCarraher, The Enchantments of Mammon https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674984615 Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy https://www.routledge.com/The-Rise-of-the-Meritocracy/Young/p/book/9781560007043 Michael J. Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374289980 David Goodhart, Head, Hand, Heart https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Head-Hand-Heart/David-Goodhart/9781982128470 Fredrik deBoer, The Cult of Smart https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250200372 William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep https://billderesiewicz.com/books/excellent-sheep/ Alejandro Anreus, Shades of Suffering: Goya's Graphic Imagination https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/shades-suffering Nicholas Penny, The People's Goya https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v26/n18/nicholas-penny/the-people-s-goya Julian Bell, Teeming With Things Unknown https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/10/08/francisco-goya-teeming-things-unknown/