In this episode, we asked the question: Are African Leaders the SOLE reason for Africa being where it is today? The answer is a bit more complex than a simple yes or no.... hence the longer podcast. One thing is clear for sure though- that Africa's history in the past 400 years has had a knock on effect that cannot be ignored. This episode looks at the main historical events that have had a considerable effect on Africa's economic and social development today. Visit @artzen_ke on instagram for some awesome merchandise today if you're from Kenya! Sources: Mamdani, Mahmoud (1994) ‘A critical analysis of the IMF programme in Uganda’, in Himmelstrand, Ulf, Kinyanjui, Kabiru and Mburugu, Edward (eds) African perspectives on development: controversies, dilemmas & openings, EAEP, James Currey Ould-Mey, Mohameden (1994) ‘Global Adjustment: implications for peripheral states’, Third World Quarterly 15 (2): 319-336 Geda, Alemayehu (2003) ‘The Historical Origin of African Debt Crisis’ Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 19 (1): 59-89. Eltis, D. and Engerman, S.L. (2000), ‘The Importance of Slavery and the Slave Trade to Industrializing Britain’, The Journal of Economic History, 60(1), pp.123–144. Williams, E.E. (1964), ‘Capitalism and Slavery’, London: Andre Deutsch, first published 1944 Lenin, V.I. (1969), ‘Imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism: a popular outline’, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, first published 1917 Inikori, J. E. (2002), ‘Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development’,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Inikori, J.E. (2020), ‘Atlantic Slavery and the Rise of the Capitalist Global Economy’, Current Anthropology, 61(22), pp.159–171. Shivji, I. (1986), ‘Law, State and the Working Class in Tanzania’, Heinemann.