Welcome to PICU Doc On Call, A Podcast Dedicated to Current and Aspiring Intensivists. I'm Pradip Kamat coming to you from Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine. Today we are joined by two wonderful clinical pharmacists — Whitney Moore & Stephanie Yasechko. Whitney is a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. She is on Twitter at @MoorephinRx. Stephanie is a Pediatric Lung Transplant Clinical Pharmacy Specialist at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. We are so excited to have you both on today. My name is Rahul Damania and I am a Pediatric Intensivist at Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital; Welcome to PICU Doc On Call where we focus on all things MED-ED in the PICU. Our podcast focuses on interesting PICU cases & management in the acute care pediatric setting so let’s get into our episode: Welcome to our Episode an 18 yo immunocompromised patient with headache & sore throat Here's the case presented by Rahul: An 18-year-old female (40 kg) with PMH significant for fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver, presents to the ED with headache and sore throat. She is febrile to 38.3, tachycardic, tachypneic, and has a WBC of 27K on her CBC. She is markedly hypotensive with BP on the arrival of 99/65. Cultures were drawn, the patient was given x1 doses of vancomycin and meropenem, and she was transported to the PICU for further workup and management. Due to her progressive hemodynamic instability, increased inflammatory markers, and marked immunocompromised state, the team is considering broadening her anti-microbial coverage. To summarize key elements from this case, this patient has: Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liverA presentation of headache, sore throat, and hemodynamic instability with concern for sepsisA current regimen of just antibacterials, which brings up the consideration of adding anti-fungal coverage in her clinically ill state. Our episode today will be covering anti-fungal agents in the PICU. We will review general mycology, understand different classes of antifungals, and highlight practical clinical pearls in the acute care setting. As mentioned, this patient has risk factors for an immunocompromised state due to her underlying liver condition. As we dive deeper into antifungals, Whitney, can you please give us an overview of common fungal pathogens in the PICU? Before we discuss the major drugs, it’s important that we take some time to briefly review the most common fungi we encounter clinically since it’s hard to choose the right agent when you don’t know exactly what you are treating. Clinically, Candida is probably the most common fungal pathogen encountered, especially in warm, moist environments. It is important to determine what type of species is growing. The three major species known to cause infection are C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei, but it is important to differentiate these species when identified since they have different resistance patterns. Cryptococcus is another type of fungus that is known to cause meningitis or fungemia, especially in immunocompromised or cirrhotic patients. Both Candida and Cryptococcus are classified as yeast on Gram stain. Treating cryptococcus will require the use of an agent that has good penetration to the CNS. Endemic fungi known as Coccidia, Histoplasma, and Blastomyces are known to cause disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts; however, each fungus is associated with a different geographic region in the United States. With any type of infection, it is always very important to consider your patients’ exposures and recent travel history. And finally, there are two major molds that have the potential to be pathogenic. The first is Aspergillus which is identified via hyphae (tall...