Nikolay and Michael discuss data model trade-offs — some cases where you might want to (gasp) de-normalize, and which PostgreSQL internals are at play.  Here are some links to things they mentioned: Our episode on JSON https://postgres.fm/episodes/json  PostgreSQL limits https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/limits.html Boyce–Codd normal form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce–Codd_normal_form  Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing  Heap-Only Tuples (HOT) optimisation https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html  The Surprising Impact of Medium-Size Texts on PostgreSQL Performance https://hakibenita.com/sql-medium-text-performance  Query planner settings (collapse limits and Genetic Query Optimizer) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html  WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-with.html  Our episode on benchmarking https://postgres.fm/episodes/benchmarking  The tests and benchmarks Nikolay mentioned https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is brought to you by: Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard With special thanks to: Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork