Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers HIV/AIDS psychiatry with special guests from two international settings to provide complementary perspectives on HIV psychiatry. Dr. Adriana Carvalhal, HIV Psychiatrist and Staff Psychiatrist at Scarborough Health Network in Canada and Dr. Leigh Van Den Heuvel, Psychiatrist and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:  By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Understand the unique mental health needs of people living with HIV and the bidirectional relationship between HIV and mental health Identify HIV-specific mental health disorders and how to screen for these conditions Outline the overall approach to treatment for HIV patients with mental health disorders Guests: Dr. Adriana Carvalhal and Dr Leigh Van Den Heuvel Produced by: Saja Jaberi (MD), Kate Braithwaite (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Hosts: Kate Braithwaite (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Show notes by: Saja Jaberi (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Conflicts of Interest: Neither of our guests nor hosts have declared any conflicts of interest related to this topic. Generic names are used for all medications referenced. Contents: Introduction - 0:19 Learning objectives - 3:52 The bidirectional relationship between HIV and psychiatric illness - 4:24 Prevalence of psychiatric illness in HIV - 9:56 Screening for psychiatric illness in HIV populations - 12:11 HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) - 19:27 Diagnostic Criteria - 20:19 Clinical Presentation & Etiology - 23:03 Risk Factors - 26:56 Screening Tools - 32:06 Treatment - 36:59 HIV Psychiatry case example - 39:48 Navigating the differential diagnosis - 41:44 Initial management & addressing comorbidities - 44:30 Drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral and psychiatric medications - 48:04 Review of learning objectives & final thoughts - 52:04 Outro - 55:55   Resources: Clinical Care Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV in Ontario, Canada (occguidelines.com) Estimates of HIV incidence, prevalence and Canada’s progress on meeting the 90-90-90 HIV targets, 2020 - Canada.ca   HIV and Clinical Depression  https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/Professional-Topics/HIV-Psychiatry/FactSheet-Anxiety-2012.pdf  https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/Professional-Topics/HIV-Psychiatry/FactSheet-CognitiveDisorder-2012.pdf  International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) - Mental Health Screening - National HIV Curriculum (uw.edu)/ Liverpool HIV Interactions (hiv-druginteractions.org) References: Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ, Wright EJ, Brew BJ. New Potential Axes of HIV Neuropathogenesis with Relevance to Biomarkers and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:3-39. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_126. PMID: 32040843. Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ, Wright EJ, Brew BJ. New Potential Axes of HIV Neuropathogenesis with Relevance to Biomarkers and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:3-39. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_126. PMID: 32040843. Awori V, Mativo P, Yonga G, Shah R. The association between asymptomatic and mild neurocognitive impairment and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. South Afr J HIV Med. 2018 Apr 12;19(1):674. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.674. PMID: 29707383; PMCID: PMC5913780. Bloch M, Kamminga J, Jayewardene A, Bailey M, Carberry A, Vincent T, Quan D, Maruff P, Brew B, Cysique LA. A Screening Strategy for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders That Accurately Identifies Patients Requiring Neurological Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):687-693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw399. Epub 2016 Jun 19. PMID: 27325690;