Because adrenal cancer is so rare, very few cancer hospitals have specialists equipped to treat patients and perform research and offer clinical trials for this type of cancer. “Very few physicians ever see a case in their lifetime and so there are a lot of physicians out there who don’t really understand the disease process,” said Barbra Miller, MD, the co-director of the James Multidisciplinary Adrenal Clinic. “I want to make sure patients get good, consistent and comprehensive and safe care and as a surgeon I want to make sure every patient gets the best surgery.” In this episode, Miller and Priya Dedhia, MD, PhD, a James expert in adrenal surgery and research, discussed this rare form of cancer and the wide range of screening and treatment options at the James, and their cutting-edge research. There are currently no screening procedures, such as mammograms for breast cancer or colonoscopies for colon cancer. This means adrenal cancer is often first diagnosed in the later stages when it has metastasized and spread. “We don’t know there’s a tumor until it’s quite large or has gone somewhere else, and another way we know is if [the cancerous adrenal gland] overproduces hormones,” Miller said. Some of the research at the James is focused on understanding how benign tumors in the adrenals can become cancerous. “We know colon cancer starts as a benign polyp,” Miller said. “We never thought this was true with adrenal cancer but now we’re at the stage where we think we can prove this is true.” Surgery is the primary modality for treating adrenal cancer, often followed by chemotherapy or, in recent years, immunotherapy. “We’re working to create new models for adrenal cancer treatment,” Dedhia said, adding that in her lab she has created “organoids” that “are like patient avatars and help us better understand and treat the cancer.” Organoids are masses of cells grown in the lab and can be used to test the effectiveness of new drug treatments, such as immunotherapy, prior to clinical trials in patients. “We’ve found two new pathways that kill these organoid cells and the next step we’re hoping for is a clinical trial,” Dedhia said. “We believe we’ve found a way to improve the immune response [of new immunotherapy drugs] and we’re very excited.”