Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem for pediatric patients that can be quite distressing for children as well as their parents. In this episode join Madeline Snipes, a medical student at the Medical College of Georgia as she discusses nocturnal enuresis with Chief of Pediatric Urology at the Children's Hospital of Georgia, Dr. Bradley Morganstern, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Dr. Susan Goldberg, on an overview of nocturnal enuresis. Specifically, they will review:  • The definition of nocturnal enuresis and its basic epidemiology.  • The potential causes of nocturnal enuresis.  • The appropriate workup for a pediatric patient with nocturnal enuresis.  • When referral to a pediatric urologist is indicated.  • The various treatment options for a pediatric patient with nocturnal enuresis.  • And finally the potential sequelae that may result from untreated nocturnal enuresis.  Special thanks to Dr. Jordan Gitlin, pediatric urologist at NYU’s Winthrop Hospital, and Dr. Shreeti Kapoor, general pediatrician and associate professor of pediatric medicine at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.  FREE CME Credit (requires free sign-up):  Link coming soon! References: 1. Nevéus T, Fonseca E, Franco I, et al. Management and treatment of nocturnal enuresis—an updated standardization document from the International Children’s Continence Society. Journal of Pediatric Urology. 2020;16(1):10-19. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.12.020 2. Järvelin MR, Vikeväinen-Tervonen L, Moilanen I, Huttunen NP. Enuresis in seven-year-old children. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. 1988;77(1):148-153. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10614. 3. de Sena Oliveira AC, Athanasio B da S, Mrad FC de C, et al. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and nocturnal enuresis co-occurrence in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Nephrology. 2021;36(11):3547-3559. doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05083-y 4. Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate. Study of 1129 enuretis. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49(4):259-263. doi:10.1136/adc.49.4.259 5. von Gontard A, Mauer-Mucke K, Plück J, Berner W, Lehmkuhl G. Clinical behavioral problems in day- and night-wetting children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13(8):662-667. doi:10.1007/s004670050677 6. Robson WL. Clinical practice. Evaluation and management of enuresis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1429-1436. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808009 7. Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Sihoe JD, Sit FK, Lau J. Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescents: a critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study. BJU Int. 2006;97(5):1069-1073. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06074.x 8. Sá CA, Martins de Souza SA, Villela MCBVA, et al. Psychological Intervention with Parents Improves Treatment Results and Reduces Punishment in Children with Enuresis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Urol. 2021;205(2):570-576. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001351 9. Jackson EC. Nocturnal enuresis: giving the child a "lift". J Pediatr. 2009;154(5):636-637. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.041 10. Plaire JC, Pope JC 4th, Kropp BP, et al. Management of ectopic ureters: experience with the upper tract approach. J Urol. 1997;158(3 Pt 2):1245-1247. 11. Alnatour IM, Alnashrati T. Nocturnal Enuresis. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2022;20(7):127-131. doi:10.5742/MEWFM.2022.9525106 12. van Summeren JJGT, Holtman GA, van Ommeren SC, Kollen BJ, Dekker JH, Berger MY. Bladder Symptoms in Children With Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(5):552-560. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002138 13. Brownrigg N, Braga LH, Rickard M, et al. The impact of a bladder training video versus standard urotherapy on quality of life of children with bladder and bowel dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(4):374.e1-374.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.06.005