Host Gail Buhl caught up with Dr. Michelle Willette of Partners For Wildlife and The Raptor Center at The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Willette shares her expertise on the ever-evolving and sometimes controversial topic of animal welfare. Welfare isn't something we give to an animal, she says, rather it's a state of being that exists with the right inputs and conditions for that animal. Dr. Willette is pursuing a board certification in Animal Welfare, a relatively new sub-specialty within veterinary medicine in the U.S. Since animals cannot speak their preferences and feelings in quite the way we can, veterinarians must look for clues that signal their wellbeing. Evaluating animal welfare takes place through the lenses of different ethical frameworks. Listen for buzz phrases such as "The Five Freedoms" and "The Five Domains" of animal welfare. The evolution of animal welfare as a discipline has unfolded over generations and encompasses a vast body of knowledge, so this episode is just a taste of how we decide what a good quality of life is for an animal. Stay tuned for future episodes, as Gail and Dr. Willette plan to revisit this topic in even greater depth. Show Notes: Michelle Willette, MPH, DACVPM, is a senior veterinarian at The Raptor Center and an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences. She joined the University of Minnesota in 2007 with an extensive background in zoological and wildlife medicine with an emphasis in animal welfare, disaster preparedness and response, and public health. By 'helping' wild animals, you could end their freedom or even their lives – here's why you should keep your distance (theconversation.com) Five Freedoms info via ASPCA Five Domains info via NIH 3 Spheres Practical Ethics via Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Special thanks to Partners For Wildlife and The Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine. Our executive producer and host is Gail Buhl. Our producer is Kirk Klocke. To learn more about The Raptor Center, visit Homepage | The Raptor Center (umn.edu). For more on Partners for Wildlife, visit Partners for Wildlife Home | The Raptor Center (umn.edu).