A physician by training, Dr. Aaron Ciechanover may once have dreamed of winning a Nobel Prize in Medicine, but he could scarcely have imagined his work would someday lead to a Nobel Prize in another discipline altogether. Yet, when the call from Stockholm came, it was to inform him that his work would be honored with the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. With research budgets a fraction of those found in larger countries, Dr. Ciechanover and his colleagues at Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology, had succeeded in answering a question that larger, more lavishly funded...