In 2003 the IPCC issued a report that summer sea-ice levels in the Arctic would be reduced to 50% by the end of the 21st Century as a result of climate change. Observations since 2007 show that this estimate is outdated to the point that today estimates show that the Arctic Sea will be virtually...

Heritable variation between members of a population is normally attributed to genetic variation. Genes affecting important traits may be present or absent in different individuals or they may have DNA mutations affecting their expression or the properties of the encoded protein. However, there...