Today the boys are joined by Ben to discuss the clinical features and pathology of Parkinson's disease. We discuss its course from initial autonomic dysfunction to the classical signs seen in textbooks and how it is different to the other common neurodegenerative diseases. Content covered: - Core concepts, similarities and classification of neurodegenerative diseases - Parkinson's - Dementia and its causes (Alzheimer's, Dementia with Lewy bodies, FTD, vascular dementia, etc) -...

Todays episode is all about stroke. What actually is a stroke? How can it happen? What are some warning signs that someone may be having a stroke? The lads discuss these questions and more as they piece together what they have learnt about cerebrovascular diseases. Content covered: - Risk factors for the development of cerebrovascular disease - Pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease - Ischaemic vs haemorragic strokes - Clinical presentation, prognosis and sequalae of stroke - Basic...

Listen carefully... as the lads revise what structures are involved in hearing and balance as well as how they work. Jack joins us for a journey through the outer, middle and inner ear as we explore the inner workings of the membranous labyrinth. Content covered - Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear system - Functions of the cohlea, utricle, saccule and semicircular canals - Basics of the auditory and vestibular projection pathways - Conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss - Basics...

Let's break it down! Pathology and biochem wizard Jonathan joins us as we do a deep dive into diseases that affect bone integrity on a cellular and metabolic level as well as their clinical presentations. Content covered: - Osteoporosis, Type 1 and Type 2 - Osteomalacia and Ricketts - Hyperparathyroidism - Paget's Disease of Bone --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shaun--norm-and-terence/message

Claire is back and guides the boys through the pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, one of the most common autoimmune conditions in Australia. Content covered: -Clinical presentation of RA including signs and symptoms - Pathogenesis and pathological findings of RA - EULAR 2020 RA treatment guidelines including the different classes of DMARDs (eg low-dose methotrexate, infliximab, tofacitinib, etc) --- Send in a voice message:...

TO CLARIFY: Arthralgia = the term for joint pain. Arthritis = a general term for diseases that have joint pain, leading to loss of function at the joint (+/- inflammation). Arthralgia = symptom, arthritis = diagnosis. The boys get their heads around what arthritis actually is and explore osteoarthritis (or degenerative joint diseases), one of the core MSK conditions! Content covered: - General arthritis findings - Pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) and clinical...

Welcome back! The crew have returned a couple of weeks into their musculoskeletal block to chat about fractures and soft tissue injuries. Let this introduce you to orthopedic heaven. Content covered: - Different types of fractures - Fracture healing process - Complications of fractures - Sprains vs strains --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shaun--norm-and-terence/message

Today the boys were joined by the legendary Jonathan as they discuss diabetes, a common chronic disease impacting millions worldwide. Content covered: - Diabetes insipidus - Glucose homeostasis (insulin + glucagon) including some biochemistry - Pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features and comparisons between Type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus - Complications of chronic hyperglycaemia (vascular, neural and immune) - Hypoglycaemia --- Send in a voice message:...

Claire takes us on a tour through the drugs used to treat diabetes - a condition that affects 1 in 10 people globally!! Content covered in this episode includes: - Insulin regimens for Type 1 Diabetes - (Some) novel treatments for Type 1 Diabetes - Diagnostic criteria for T2DM - Metformin - SGLT2 inhibitors - Incretin-based therapies (inc. GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors) - Sulfonylureas - Thiazolidinediones - a-glucosidase inhibitors - Bariatric surgery! --- Send in a voice...

Welcome to our 30th episode! Celebrate this milestone with us by letting out your inner Sherlock Holmes and try crack these (expertly crafted) cases of glomerulonephritis and other renal diseases. Learn about the differential diagnosis of nephritic vs nephrotic syndromes, acute vs chronic renal failure and some other related conditions. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shaun--norm-and-terence/message

Today the boys are joined by Jack as they discuss renal physiology! Essentially, how your kidneys regulate blood volume, electrolytes and pH homeostasis while getting rid of toxic substances we don’t need. This knowledge is key to understanding renal pathology and pharmacology. Content covered in this episode: - The different segments of the nephron and their functions - Homeostatic control of electrolytes and blood volume - The formation of urine - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system -...

Claire helps the boys out with the plethora of drugs that can be used to treat nausea, vomiting, reflux and more - and all their funky nuances. Topics covered in this episode include: - General causal pathways of nausea and vomiting - Drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting - including 5HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists (metoclopramide and prochlorperazine), domperidone, steroids, NK-1 antagonists (aprepipant and fosaprepipant), hyoscine and lorazepam - Prescribing nausea and vomiting...

In this special episode, Jarrod interviews our MD program coordinator - Helen, asking her about everything from her favourite experiences in medicine, to failure and about what makes good mental health! --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shaun--norm-and-terence/message

Today the legendary Mike Kendall imparts some wisdom on the boys as they revise the pathogenesis, clinical features and what differentiates the inflammatory bowel diseases and other non-neoplastic conditions of the bowel. Content covered includes: - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - Ischaemic colitis - Diverticular disease - Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis - Microscopic Colitis - Coeliac disease and its consideration in the differential...

Ben Earner accompanies the boys as their pathology journey through the GIT continues, this time diving head-first into the stomach! Content covered in this episode includes: - Gastritis and causes of gastritis - Atrophic gastritis - Peptic ulcer disease - Benign neoplastic or neoplastic-like gastric lesions including: gastric hyperplastic polyp, fundic gland polyp and adenoma - Gastric cancers including tubular/intestinal type, poorly cohesive/diffuse adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma and...

Retrosternal chest pain only has cardiac causes... right? In this episode, the lads welcome back Ben Earner as they try to make sense of the important pathologies affecting the oesophagus and the differing signs and symptoms these could manifest as. Content covered: - Signs/symptoms of oesophageal disease such as dyspepsia, dysphagia, odynophagia, waterbrash and the dreaded retrosternal chest pains - Functional and mechanical obstructive disorders eg Achalasia and Schatzki rings -...

In this episode, the lads revise the common pulmonary vascular diseases, and just how much can go wrong when you lose or impair that crucial part of your body's oxygen delivery mechanism. Content covered in this episode: - Embolisms and infarcts associated with the lungs - Pathogenesis of DVT and PE and associated risk factors - Pulmonary Hypertension: causes and classifications - Signs and symptoms of right-heart failure / cor pulmonale - Goodpastures syndrome and granulomatosis with...

How does your stomach begin the digestion process without digesting itself? What structures and cells are involved in the mechanical and chemical digestive processes in the stomach? In this episode, the boys discuss the anatomy and physiology of the stomach + a little bit of the gut. Featuring a colourful diagram from Terence to help us understand transport and creation of protons across parietal cells in the stomach! Shoutout to Jarrod for the 'chief likes pepsi' memory aide. --- Send in...

Asthma and COPD are common chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases that place a high burden on the healthcare system and those affected. In this episode, Claire takes us through the treatment regiments commonly used to lighten the morbidity associated with these conditions. Content covered: - B2 antagonists - Muscarinic antagonists - Inhaled corticosteroids and systemic steroids - Montelukast - PDE4 inhibitors - Antitussives and mucolytics - Biological treatments - Key...

Norm, Terence and Shaun are joined by Saud as they work their way through the anatomy of the respiratory passageway and some of the mechanics of breathing. From the nose, through the conductive tubes and to areas of gas exchange, the lads talk about the key structures and what comprise them. Content covered: - Nasal conchae and the paranasal sinuses - How air travels down the respiratory tract (and how food doesn't, hopefully) - Histological differences between conductive and respiratory...

CORRECTION: Percussing over a puffed out cheek gives a 'tympanic sound', which correlates to air. The 'hyper-resonant' sound you find in emphysema, correlates to mostly air. Slight difference. We are back from holiday! Take a deep breath as the lads explore obstructive pulmonary diseases, focusing on the relevant pathological findings and clinical presentations associated with each. Content covered in this episode: - COPD: emphysema and chronic bronchitis - Asthma -...

The legendary Claire is back to help the boys make sense of the drug treatments clinicians should prescribe for the various pathologies that can affect the cardiovascular system. Things covered include: - Treatment of acute coronary syndromes and post MI treatment - Antiarrhythmics - Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy - Diuretics and antihypertensives - Lipid lowering therapies - Digoxin! --- Send in a voice message:...

[Correction]: In an MI (or other ischaemic heart disease), the zone of necrosis spreads from the subendocardium outwards towards and through the myocardium. Silent, but violent (not referencing Shaun's farts), hypertension is a key factor in the development of many pathologies affecting not only the cardiovascular system, but other organs such as the kidneys and brain. In this episode, Norm and Terence are joined by Jarrod as they discuss what hypertension is, why it can be bad and what it...

"Atheroscrulosis"? "Atheroscilosis"? However Norm says it, the boys examine the core pathophysiology of atherosclerosis - a stealthy condition that silently threatens the health of our arteries. Join us as we embark on a captivating journey through the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and consequences associated with this disease process. Note: This podcast episode does not replace professional medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and...